应用FTIR和NMR研究短梗霉多糖分子结构

短梗霉多糖是出芽短梗霉产生的一种胞外多糖,具有极好的成膜、成纤维、阻气、粘接、易加工、无毒性等特性,是微生物多糖中最令人瞩目的多糖之一．本研究应用ＦＴＩＲ和ＮＭＲ技术对由出芽短梗霉胞外产生的短梗霉多糖进行了分析．短梗霉多糖的红外光谱（４０００～４００ｃｍ－１）,具有明显的多糖特征吸收峰,证明多糖是由α－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖残基组成．应用先进的一维和二维核磁共振技术,在绝对温度３４３Ｋ下获得短梗霉多糖１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ谱和１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ谱,确证短梗霉多糖的结构单元是α－１,４麦芽三糖,归属了短梗霉多糖的１Ｈ和１３Ｃ的全部化学位移     

守宫木叶精油化学成分研究(简报)

守宫木（SauroPusandrogynus（L．）Merr．）为大朝科守宫木属植物,嫩茎枝叶可供食用。主产于南洋群岛和东南亚,印度、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、越南、泰国、菲律宾和柬埔寨等国均有分布;在我国云南、海南、广东、福建和四川等省（区）有零散栽培,亦有野生。近年我们大面积推广栽培,生产商品蔬菜"天绿香""',畅销于广州、深圳、上海、北京、武汉和香港等地。守宫木叶有微香,但迄今末见其精油化学成分研究的报道。本研究为改善"天绿香"的食用风味和叶的综合利用提供参考。l实验部分样品提取精油的守宫木叶采自本所大院内栽培的植株。用…     

Thermodynamic features of the chemical and thermal denaturations of human serum albumin

The unfolding process of human serum albumin between pH 5.4 and 9.9 was studied by chemical and thermal denaturations. The experimental results showed that there is no correlation between the stability of albumin at different pH values determined by both methods. The free energy change of unfolding versus concentration of guanidine showed a close dependence on the pH, suggesting that the variation of the electrical charge of albumin influences the final state of the unfolded form of the protein. Spectroscopic techniques, such as native fluorescence of the protein and circular dichroism, demonstrated that the unfolded state of the protein obtained from both methods possesses a different helical content. The solvophobic effect and the entropy of the chains have no influence on the final unfolding state when the protein is unfolded by thermal treatment, while, when the protein is unfolded by chemical denaturants, both effects depend on the medium pH. The results indicate that guanidine and urea interact with albumin by electrostatic forces, yielding a randomly coiled conformation in its unfolded state, while thermal denaturation produces a molten globule state and the aggregation of the protein; therefore, both methods yield different structurally unfolded states of the albumin.     

Opportunities at the interface of chemistry and biology

The combination of the tools and principles of chemistry, together with the tools of modern molecular biology, allow us to create complex synthetic and natural molecules, and processes with novel biological, chemical and physical properties. This article illustrates the tremendous opportunity that lies at this interface of chemistry and biology by describing a number of examples, ranging from efforts to expand the genetic code of living organisms to the use of combinatorial methods to generate biologically active synthetic molecules.     

Chemical signals in gametogenesis, spawning, and larval settlement and defense of the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla

 Mass spawning strategies of hard and soft corals on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia have been described in recent years. Nonetheless, the applicability of those studies to corals on other reef systems has not been well documented. Here we describe the mass spawning behavior of the soft coral Sinularia polydactyla on coral reefs surrounding Guam; specifically we describe the events in an annual gametogenic cycle including steroidogenesis, spawning, settlement and early life history defense. The gametogenic cycle of female colonies lasted 12 months while male colonies produced viable sperm within 9 months. Sinularia polydactyla exhibited a split spawn between March and June that correlated with a significant reduction in tissue concentrations of progesterone and testosterone. Estradiol was released into the water column, apparently by female colonies, just prior to spawning. There was a trend for preferential larval settlement in the presence of the crustose coralline algae Hydrolithon reinboldii rather than coral rubble, a natural biofilm, or filtered seawater. The defensive compounds pukalide and 11β-acetoxypukalide were found in eggs and larvae at adult level and three-fold lower than adult-level concentrations, respectively. These compounds provided some predator deterrent and antimicrobial protection against an ecologically relevant omnivorous fish Canthigaster solandri and a sympatric microbe Vibrio sp. Accepted: 10 September 1998     

甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对水稻离体幼穗影响的初步研究

用不同浓度的EMS处理水稻离体幼穗,测定培养初期的呼吸强度、细胞色素氧化酶活性和同工酶以及苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶,发现低浓度的EMS对细胞呼吸强度以及细胞色素氧化酶活性有刺激作用,而高浓度的EMS则表现为抑制效应。呼吸强度和酶活性与幼穗培养力之间具有平行关系。研究结果表明,EMS的原初生理效应是影响幼穗细胞的代谢过程,幼穗体细胞诱导频率的改变是幼穗培养初期供能系统受到影响的结果。     

化学修饰解除天冬酰胺酶抗原性研究

本文报道了用活化的单甲氧基聚乙二醇PEG_2在底物保护的条件下修饰天冬酰胺酶。结果,修饰酶在抗原抗体结合能力完全消失的同时,酶活力保持30％以上,且修饰酶的抗胰蛋白酶水解能力明显增强,体外半衰期延长17倍,免疫原性显著下降。     

The chemical nature of osmium tetroxide fixation and staining of membranes by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the oxidation states of osmium compounds present in erythrocyte ghost preparations and related systems treated with osmium tetroxide. Osmium tetroxide and cholesterol, codeposited at ?100 °C, began to react at ?70 °C, and Os(VI) was formed. Similarly, Os(VI) was detected for the known cholesterol-osmate ester prepared and purified chemically. However, osmium tetroxide applied in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) gave rise to large proportions of Os(IV) and Os(III) species in addition to Os(VI) compounds. Egg phosphatidylcholine likewise produced a mixture of Os(VI), Os(IV), and Os(III), but dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine failed to give significant amounts of osmium containing products under identical conditions. Glutaraldehyde gave a mixture of compounds with the same osmium oxidation states when allowed to react with aqueous osmium tetroxide. Unfixed and glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocyte ghosts also produced mixtures of Os(VI), Os(IV) and Os(III) under conditions identical to those of normal tissue processing. Additionally, the mixture of adducts initially formed by treatment with osmium tetroxide was further reduced by dehydration of the tissue with ethanol, resulting in a final mixture which was 50–60% Os(III).The results support a scheme for the reaction of osmium tetroxide with tissues in which the initial reaction site is the double bonds of unsaturated lipids to form Os(VI) derivatives. Subsequent hydrolysis and further reduction yield complexes of Os(IV) and Os(III). A mixture of these three states is present in membrane specimens during microscopic observation. Os(VI) and Os(IV) could be present as osmate esters and osmium dioxide, respectively; Os(III) could be present as an oxo- or amino complex(es). The photoelectron spectrum of intact erythrocyte ghosts can be synthesized from the spectra of phospholipid and cholesterol only, suggesting the predominance of the reaction with lipids in the fixation process.     

几种树木枯叶分解速率的试验研究

 本文对几种树木的枯叶分解速率进行了研究,结果表明枯叶的分解速率因树种不同而异。一年的失重率刺槐、山杏、侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌分别为54%、64%、78%、73%、65%。应用指数衰减模型计算枯叶的年腐解率,刺槐、山杏、侧柏、元宝械、黄栌分别为0.490g／(g·a)、0.597g／(g·a),0.990g／(g·a)、0.800g／(g·a)、0.662g／(g·a)。根据枯叶的化学成分分析表明,枯叶的失重,首先是由粗脂肪,可溶性糖、丹宁,有机碳等的丧失所引起。枯叶在一年的分解过程中,碳、氮含量比值随时间的推移而下降。